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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: 7.2a Disperal, Costs include Risk costs, Costs include Time costs, Risk costs which means they may run the risk of falling prey to predators in the unfamiliar area through which they are moving, Costs include Energetic costs, the prairie vole is a species in which females appear to have evolved a preference for unfamiliar partners with which to produce a litter, a preference that should prevent them from producing inbred offspring therefore it increases the odds of adaptive outbreeding, the permanent movement from the birthplace to somewhere else which will only occur if Benefits outweigh Costs, only occur if Benefits outweigh Costs for which Benefits, only occur if Benefits outweigh Costs for which Costs, Energetic costs which means individuals have to secure extra energy for their travels, they may run the risk of falling prey to predators in the unfamiliar area through which they are moving for example the ruffed grouse had a higher risk (3x) of being killed by a hawk or other predator compared to birds that stayed in locations with which they were familiar, Benefits include obtaining a territory that is not occupied by parents, 7.2a Dispersal (which is different from migration) is defined as the permanent movement from the birthplace to somewhere else, Costs include Opportunity costs, individuals have to secure extra energy for their travels for example Birds traveling behind others can take advantage of updrafts created by the wingbeats of their companions, which enables them to cut their energetic costs by about 10 percent. Perhaps this is also why so many large birds, such as Canada geese (Branta canadensis), typically fly in V-formation when migrating., Opportunity costs which means the potential for reduced fitness (mating) if the animal moves into a sub-ooptimal habitat, Time costs which means their cost in terms of time that cannot be invested in other activities, Benefits include sex-biased dispersal reduces the chance of inbreeding, sex-biased dispersal reduces the chance of inbreeding for example the prairie vole is a species in which females appear to have evolved a preference for unfamiliar partners with which to produce a litter, a preference that should prevent them from producing inbred offspring