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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: 6.1c Social Evade Predation, 3 (non-exclusive) hypotheses including Selfish herd hypothesis, a great likelihood that a predator will be spotted for example in meerkats, it is the individuals that just finished eating that take on the role of guard duty, Passive Defense includes 3 (non-exclusive) hypotheses, individuals in a group (or herd) attempt to reduce their predation risk by putting other individuals between themselves and the predator for example a population of antelope grazing on an African plain in which all individuals stay well apart resulting in reducing their conspicuousness to their predators, a three dimensional computer simulation of European starlings was used to test the effects of flock size and density on the ability of a predator to track and capture a target starling within a flock it concluded that starlings are safer in larger and denser flocks because flocking confuses the surrogate predators, groups makes it less likely that any one individual will be depredated for example many butterflies created tightly packed groups when drinking from mud puddles, Dilution effect hypothesis associates in groups makes it less likely that any one individual will be depredated, individuals in a group (or herd) attempt to reduce their predation risk by putting other individuals between themselves and the predator for example fish that school: individuals attempt to get to the interior, so exterior individuals are more likely eaten, Selfish herd hypothesis is where individuals in a group (or herd) attempt to reduce their predation risk by putting other individuals between themselves and the predator, 6.1c Social Animals evade predators through Active Defense, 3 (non-exclusive) hypotheses including Confusion effect hypothesis, moving as a group may reduce the likelihood of predators capturing prey because of their inability to single out and attack individual prey for example a three dimensional computer simulation of European starlings was used to test the effects of flock size and density on the ability of a predator to track and capture a target starling within a flock, humpback whales are known to mob attacking killer whales which increases the likelihood that the Killer whales will leave (due to "harassment"), 6.1c Social Animals evade predators through Passive Defense, Active Defense including Shared or improved vigilance, 3 (non-exclusive) hypotheses including Dilution effect hypothesis, many butterflies created tightly packed groups when drinking from mud puddles so that they are securing fluids high in nitrogen or sodium, Confusion effect hypothesis states that moving as a group may reduce the likelihood of predators capturing prey because of their inability to single out and attack individual prey, chasing away predators leads to increased offspring survival for example humpback whales, that there is an additional set of eyes to search for predators that allows a great likelihood that a predator will be spotted