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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: CMap 2.3 Evolution of Bird Song 9-19-24, "Ancestral Stock" Hypothesis for which song learning originated in one ancestral group, only 3 of 23 orders of bird must learn their songs including Parrots, four times (Fig. 2.9a; p.36) at the base of the suboscines, by two hypotheses which are the "Convergent Evolution" Hypothesis of Song Learning in 3 separate lineages of bird, How could you test whether learning in songbirds, hummingbirds, and parrots evolved independently (Convergent Evolution Hypothesis) or was ancestral in all birds and later lost multiple times (ancestral State Hypothesis)? an approach used was to identify the brain structures of birds with their singing and song-learning abilities, and look for similarities and differences, "Convergent Evolution" Hypothesis of Song Learning in 3 separate lineages of bird for which song learning evolved 3 separate times (once in each of the 3 lineages), four times (Fig. 2.9a; p.36) at the base of the evolutionary line, song learning was lost four times (Fig. 2.9a; p.36), only 3 of 23 orders of bird must learn their songs including Humming Birds, by two hypotheses because only 3 of 23 orders of bird must learn their songs, When, in the evolutionary past, did bird song (and subsequent song dialect) evolve. involving an "ultimate causes" analysis, four times (Fig. 2.9a; p.36) at the base of the owl lineage, identify the brain structures of birds with their singing and song-learning abilities, and look for similarities and differences this can be done by capturing birds that have just been singing or listening to others sing and killing them immediately to examine their brains for the product of the ZENK gene (Zenk proteins), song learning evolved 3 separate times (once in each of the 3 lineages) for which there is less support, "songbirds" (Oscine Passeriformes) including the White-Crowned Sparrow which are phylogenetically "distant" from each other, Parrots which are phylogenetically "distant" from each other, four times (Fig. 2.9a; p.36) at the base of the pigeon and stork lineages, of the evolutionary line leading to the swifts, by two hypotheses which leads to the question: How could you test whether learning in songbirds, hummingbirds, and parrots evolved independently (Convergent Evolution Hypothesis) or was ancestral in all birds and later lost multiple times (ancestral State Hypothesis)?, by two hypotheses which are the "Ancestral Stock" Hypothesis