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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: CMap 2.3, by two hypotheses because only 3 of 23 orders of bird must learn their songs, only 3 of 23 orders of bird must learn their songs including "songbirds" (Oscine Passeriformes) including the White-Crowned Sparrow, "Convergent Evolution" Hypothesis of Song Learning in 3 separarate lineages of bird for which song learning evolved 3 separate times (once in each of the 3 lineages), Humming Birds which are phylogenetically "distant" from each other, song learning was lost four times, only 3 of 23 orders of bird must learn their songs including Parrots, The final paragraph of This Section (2.3) addresses the question: How could you go about testing thats ones learning evolved independetly in song birds, humming birds, and parrots or was ancestral in all birds and subsequently lost a number of times, How could you go about testing thats ones learning evolved independetly in song birds, humming birds, and parrots or was ancestral in all birds and subsequently lost a number of times an approach used was to identify the brain structures of birds with their singing and song-learning abilities, and look for similarities and differences, "songbirds" (Oscine Passeriformes) including the White-Crowned Sparrow which are phylogenetically "distant" from each other, identify the brain structures of birds with their singing and song-learning abilities, and look for similarities and differences this can be done by capturing birds that have just been singing or listening to others sing and killing them immediatley to examine their brains for the product of the ZENK gene, The Evolution of Bird Song Learning asks When, in the evolutionary past, did bird song (and subsequentlysong dialect) evolve., four times at the base of the evolutionary line, an "ultimate causes" analysis and is addressed by two hypotheses, of the evolutionary line leading to the swifts, song learning originated in one ancestral group and then song learning was, by two hypotheses which are "Ancestral Stock" Hypothesis, four times at the base of the suboscines, four times at the base of the pigeon and stork lineages, by two hypotheses which are "Convergent Evolution" Hypothesis of Song Learning in 3 separarate lineages of bird, When, in the evolutionary past, did bird song (and subsequentlysong dialect) evolve. involving an "ultimate causes" analysis