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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Case 5, General Anesthesia/ Sedation Xylazine, The animal should be confined or isolated from other animals to prevent any interference or damage to surgical site wound The animal should be allowed short periods of exercise to allow for adequate drainage of the wound to reduce chances of fluid accumulation which can lead to swelling., Restraint The patient should also be chemically restrained by means of general anesthesia with the pre-op drugs listed., Pre-Op Drugs Emergency Drugs, The animal’s vaccination status should be checked as well as when it last received its tetanus antitoxin. The testicles and scrotal area should be palpated to ensure that it is an inguinal hernia that is present to ensure the course of treatment is correct., Pre-Op Drugs Analgesics, Once the incision pierces the skin, the subcutaneous tissue is dissected bluntly. Step 3 The tunica vaginalis is also isolated by blunt dissection. The tunica vaginalis should be kept intact, because this will keep the intestine contained. If however, intestinal adhesions are observed the vaginal tunic should be opened and the intestine dissected free or an intestinal resection and end-to-end anastomosis be performed., Instruments Instruments/Equipment: Drape material e.g. garbage bags can be used in the field Scalpel Gloves Suture material Scissors Needles and Syringes Hemostats Forceps Gauze Emasculator Antiseptics: Iodine or Chlorhexidine Fly repellant, Hemorrhage from bleeding of the testicular artery Hemorrhage: The end of the cord should be grasped with a gloved hand or crushed with a forceps to attempt to stop the bleeding. A circumferential ligature can also be done on the hemorrhaging vessel and in cases where the cord might not be accessible sterile gauze bandages can be packed into the inguinal canal or scrotum and it can be retained by temporary sutures until the bleeding has stopped. These methods will allow for hemostasis., Intra- Op Key Points to note: Surgical repair of an inguinal or scrotal hernia is easier before the pig is castrated. It is also recommended to check the opposite inguinal ring for possible bilateral herniation before performing a castration. If it was a large hernia repair surgery where there was serum accumulation in the scrotum then an incision in the most ventral part of the scrotum should be placed to allow for drainage, Observation ᡐ hrs - Swelling and drainage may still be present but should be markedly less than the first 24 hours after the surgery and should ideally stop after 48 hours. - If fluid drainage and swelling are noticed after the 48 hour mark then a veterinarian should be contacted. - If any other complications are noticed such as hemorrhage, excessive swelling or animal behaviour drastically changes then a veterinarian should be contacted., Pre-Op Pre-Op Drugs, Transfixation of the tunics and spermatic cord as close to the superficial inguinal ring as possible is done. Step 6 The tunic and cord are cut, and the superficial inguinal ring is closed with interrupted or horizontal mattress sutures., Precautions Before the surgery is carried out the animal should be fasted for at least 12 hours+ to ensure the intestines are empty when the surgery is being performed., The herniorrhaphy site is checked by applying external pressure on the abdomen. Step 9 Antibiotic powder should be applied in the scrotal sac before closure, Case 5 Signalment, 2. The post-op care is fairly simple and once managed properly no complications should occur 3. This surgery can be performed on the field site by a veterinarian, Pre-Op Drugs Local Anesthetic, Intra- Op Steps In surgery, 2. This procedure will be more costly than others because it is surgery and also because of the drugs used. 3. With this procedure the animal will no longer be able to breed because a castration is also performed during the surgery.