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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Wyatt Ch 6 Bhvl Ecology 111218, the queen and up to 3 kings are the only individuals to reproduce while her older offspring (up to 300 individuals) take care of new offspring and dig tunnels in which the family lives, "Helpers at the nest" ("Cooperative Breeders) as seen in Florida Scrub Jays, for every 1 helper (older offspring of breeding pair) an additional 0.5 chick is able to be raised, balancing increased foraging efficiency against predation for example Stickleback fish choose to attack in a high prey density area beacuse greater reward, "Indirect Fitness" for example "Eusocial" animals, Polygyny (1 male + > 1 female) is exhibited by mammals that eat plant material that is abundant, the queen shows her dominance by bullying or producing pheromones which are honest signals (see communication CMap), When both parents are able to provide food for the young & and are needed to successfully rear offspring is exhibited by Carnivorous mammal species, When both parents are able to provide food for the young & and are needed to successfully rear offspring is exhibited by 90% of bird species, Stickleback fish choose to attack in a high prey density area beacuse greater reward But There is when there is a greater risk of themselves being eaten by a kingfisher predator, the sticleback fish will move to feed at a lower prey-density area., the queen and up to 3 kings are the only individuals to reproduce for which the queen shows her dominance by bullying or producing pheromones, some fish for which Males take care of eggs & young, relatively few animals including 1% of birds (Jacana, for example), Polygyny (1 male + > 1 female) is advantageous in species in which the females can provision offspring by themselves, females get to choose which male they mate with leading to "Sexual Selection" of the males by females, "Direct Fitness" defined as the # offspring an individual produces in its lifetime, males get to choose which female they mate with leading to "Sexual Selection" of the females by males, relatively few animals including naked mole rats, it is the height at which energy is most conserved for which the adaptive function is decreased energy expenditure, "Direct Fitness" for example Great Tits optimize their brood size in the long term (over 2 years), Males take care of eggs & young for which males get to choose which female they mate with