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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Chimpanzee Tool Use Primary Article, When considering "all prey captured" (100%) Males capture "all prey" 70% of this 100%, while females capture "all prey" 30% of this 100% =significantly more "all prey" were captured by males (because males capture more types of prey than females) (Fig. 2) and yet when considering only "tool-assisted bush-baby successful hunts", males and females were equally successful (52% of 100% vs. 48% of 100%) (Fig. 5), Pruetz et al. 2015 found that the tool-assisted hunting of bush babies increased from adolescence to adulthood for both females (20%) and males (21%) (Fig. 4), males hunt primarily 3 prey (1) bush-babies (small prey; with tool) > (2) vervet monkeys (big prey; no tools) > (3) baboon (big prey; no tools) (Fig. 2) therefore males are quite successful at hunting larger vertebrate prey without using tools (while females do not hunt the larger vertebrate prey at all), Chimpanzees in Senegal Africa use a tree branch that they have defoliated & chewed at one end as a tool, Tool making & use facilitates prey capture with the interesting note that previous research on chimps and bonobos (close relatives of chimps) suggest that females are more proficient tool users (than males)!, when considering only "tool-assisted bush-baby successful hunts", males and females were equally successful (52% of 100% vs. 48% of 100%) (Fig. 5) with the further complication that when you take into account the number of females vs. males that contributed to the bush-baby hunts, females use tools more frequently than expected by chance & males use tools less frequently than expected by chance (Fig. 2 & 3), a tree branch that they have defoliated & chewed at one end as a tool to spear Galagos (a small primate known as "bush-babies"), females hunt almost exclusively bush-babies (and use tools) (Fig. 2) probably because there is very low"theft" of food in this population (so what they catch, they get to eat) (= "females retain control of prey") (which is different from other populations which have high theft), It is profitable for female chimps in Senegal to hunt bush-babies (but it is not profitable for females in other populations) and Tool making & use facilitates prey capture, there is very low"theft" of food in this population (so what they catch, they get to eat) (= "females retain control of prey") (which is different from other populations which have high theft) therefore It is profitable for female chimps in Senegal to hunt bush-babies (but it is not profitable for females in other populations), When considering "all prey captured" (100%) Males capture "all prey" 70% of this 100%, while females capture "all prey" 30% of this 100% =significantly more "all prey" were captured by males (because males capture more types of prey than females) (Fig. 2) specifically females hunt almost exclusively bush-babies (and use tools) (Fig. 2), the Galago are sleeping during the day in holes in trees showing That humans are not unique in using tools to hunt for vertebrate prey. Although: this is the only documented non-human population to hunt vertebrate prey using tools. (Another "challenge to what it means to be human"), When considering "all prey captured" (100%) Males capture "all prey" 70% of this 100%, while females capture "all prey" 30% of this 100% =significantly more "all prey" were captured by males (because males capture more types of prey than females) (Fig. 2) specifically males hunt primarily 3 prey (1) bush-babies (small prey; with tool) > (2) vervet monkeys (big prey; no tools) > (3) baboon (big prey; no tools) (Fig. 2), the tool-assisted hunting of bush babies increased from adolescence to adulthood for both females (20%) and males (21%) (Fig. 4) probably because younger individuals are less coordinated older individuals have refined their skills, Chimpanzees in Senegal Africa studied by Pruetz et al. 2015, Galagos (a small primate known as "bush-babies") when the Galago are sleeping during the day in holes in trees, Pruetz et al. 2015 found that When considering "all prey captured" (100%) Males capture "all prey" 70% of this 100%, while females capture "all prey" 30% of this 100% =significantly more "all prey" were captured by males (because males capture more types of prey than females) (Fig. 2)