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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Wikipedia Tool Use 110216 (final), Non-Human Primates especially Chimpanzees, Non-Primates including dolphins, Chimpanzees use use modified grass blades & twigs to extract termites from termite mounds (Goodall, 1960's), Tool Use / Manipulation is defined as modying an object for a specific purpose, a wide array of animals including many mammals, the orangutan female at the Philly zoo that used a rock to break the middle glass layer of her enclosure, modying an object for a specific purpose both showing goal oriented behavior, a wide array of animals including invertebrates with large brains, collect & carry 2 (not just 1) coconut shells, then reconstruct these to form 1 "home" in which they hide although this example seems "less robust" than the vertebrate examples because there is not much modification to the shells, not modifying an object, but using it as an extension of one's body both showing goal oriented behavior, Bonobos use crushed up leaves to soak up water (i.e., they made a sponge!)., Non-Human Primates especially Bonobos, Non-Human Primates including the orangutan female at the Philly zoo, Tool Use / Manipulation may be observed most frequently in primates, use modified grass blades & twigs to extract termites from termite mounds (Goodall, 1960's) which was the first observation of "non-human" tool use. This broadened our perspective on the intelligence of non-human animals., Birds for example crows, primates which are highly intelligent (high brain capacity), Tool Use / Manipulation is defined as not modifying an object, but using it as an extension of one's body, crows that use sticks to extract insects from tree bark, elephants use branches to swat flies and scratch themselves (sometimes modifying original branch)