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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Psych 106 Team Heart (Chapter 1), The belief one holds that they know more about a certain topic than they really do; many will be completely certain of an answer, even if incorrect. Demonstrates a need for Critical Thinking, The Need for Psychological Science Such as Hindsight Bias, Chapter 1: Thinking Critically with Psychological Science Part 1.3 Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life, A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behaviour or mental process (dependent variable) Such as Random Assignment: Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between the different groups., Description Such as Naturalistic Observation: Range from watching chimpanzee societies in the jungle, to video taping and analyzing parent-child interaction in different cultures, to recording racial differences in students self-seating patterns in a school lunchroom, Critical Thinking Which relates to The Scientific Attitude, Measures of Central Tendency Such as Mean: the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores, The ethics codes of the APA and Britain's BPS urge researchers to: do the following 1) Obtain potential participants' informed consent before the experiement 2 ) Protect them from harm and discomfort 3) Keep information about individual participants confidential 4)Fully debrief people, When is an Observed Difference Reliable For example More cases are better than fewer, Significant Differences Such as When is an Observed Difference Significant, The Scientific Method Such as Operational: A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study, Measures of Variations Such as Standard Deviation: a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score, Description Such as Case Study: Examines one individual or group in depth in the hope of revealing things true of us all, A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behaviour or mental process (dependent variable) Such as Control Group: The group not exposed to the treatment., The Need for Psychological Science The need for Critical Thinking, Studying and protecting humans For example The ethics codes of the APA and Britain's BPS urge researchers to:, 1) Obtain potential participants' informed consent before the experiement 2 ) Protect them from harm and discomfort 3) Keep information about individual participants confidential 4)Fully debrief people After the experiment: Debriefing: The post experimental participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate, Values in Research Such as Values affect what we study, how we study it, and how we interpret results, Operational: A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study For example Human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures., Independant & Dependant Variables For example Depending Variables: In an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independant variable is manipulated.