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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: lab 8 pre op, Large Animal Surgery Lab #8 Hernia Repair can be classifed accordingly, Large Animal Surgery Lab #8 Hernia Repair have causes: 1. Congenital: due to: a- Inherited weakness of the muscle. b- Congenital aperture in the linea Alba. c- Imperfect developed umbilicus. 2.Acquired a- Predisposing factors as: - Affections that cause muscular weakness which is liable to breakdown easily (abscess, wound). - Affections which increase intra-abdominal pressure (e.g. chronic cough, diarrhea, constipation, last stage of pregnancy) lead to weakness of the muscle that may rupture. b- Exciting cause: - Postoperative imperfect repair of abdominal wall - Trauma inflicted by violent blunt force e.g. kicks, blows, horn thrust, and falling object., Large Animal Surgery Lab #8 Hernia Repair findings on physical examination: - 4cm diameter swelling of umbilical region - Intestines felt upon palpation - 2cm diameter ring was felt, Large Animal Surgery Lab #8 Hernia Repair included pre-operative anaesthesia and induction, Temperature 38.2°C Heart Rate 68bpm Resp. Rate 28bpm CRT: Normal Weight: 4.5kg BSC: 2.5 ASA Grade: I also included in physical examination: - 4cm diameter swelling of umbilical region - Intestines felt upon palpation - 2cm diameter ring was felt