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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Hoof TRIMMING, Pre-Operational perform physical exam, Pre-Operational restraint Casting 1.burley 2. rope squeeze, Pre-Operational Pre-disposing factors -High production -high concentrate raions -confinement-abnormal hoof wear -husbandary-increased concentration of manure -lagre herds -lackof individual attention -heredity, Pre-Operational Reasons A cow with painful feet or lameness is less likely to walk, and therefore less likely to have desire to eat which will reduce weight gain or milk production comapared to an animal able to consume full ration of feed. See attached PNG. for lameness grading, Pre-Operational involves Nerve block for hoof trimming and Digital amputation, Pre-Operational Pre-requisite Bovine Hoof anatomy, Pre-Operational ???? -the aim of digit amputation is to relieve pain return the animal to sound gait and normal production, and to prevent infection ascending proximally in the limb