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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Crows and WNV 022015 copy, social foraging & roosting which brings lots of crows together but for which Caffrey et al. state that sociality does not seem to promote the spread of WNV, (1) mechanism of exposure to WNV (in birds) including physical contact with infected conspecifics, an increase in Mortality (in one year) in 2003 to 65% with males & females dying at an equal rate, research findings (1997 - 2003) showing high mortality: ᡱ,000 dead crows from 1999-2002 with juvenille suffering highest rate (at 68%), Dr. Mostrom suggests that sociality in crows does promote the spread of WNV (how can it not?) because one mode of infection is "physical contact will infected individual", rapid expansion across the Americas such that In 5 years (by 2004) WNV, a "sentinel" species for understanding (1) mechanism of expansion of WNV; (2) vulnerability of bird communities to WNV; for understanding (1) mechanism of exposure to WNV (in birds), a "sentinel" species for understanding (1) mechanism of expansion of WNV; (2) vulnerability of bird communities to WNV; for understanding (2) Vulnerability of bird communities to WNV, 33% Mortality in 2002 (within 2 months of WNV arriving in Stillwater, OK) with males & females dying at an equal rate, (1) mechanism of exposure to WNV (in birds) including being bitten by an infected mosquitoes, extremely high prevalence of WNV in American Crow population with an overall loss of 72% of the marked Crow population missing/dead in 2003 (presumed primarily due to exposure to WNV) (Figs 1 & 2), Social Behavior: "Cooperative Breeding" with family groups of 2 breeders and 0-10 auxillaries (often offspring), social foraging & roosting which brings lots of crows together but for which Dr. Mostrom suggests that sociality in crows does promote the spread of WNV (how can it not?), extremely high prevalence of WNV in American Crow population with 33% Mortality in 2002 (within 2 months of WNV arriving in Stillwater, OK), (1) mechanism of exposure to WNV (in birds) including eating infected prey, In 5 years (by 2004) WNV reached 7 Canadanian Provinces, (1) mechanism of exposure to WNV (in birds) including drinking water contaminated with WNV, research findings (1997 - 2003) showing Crows are extremely vunerable to WNV: mortality reaching 100% in lab populations, first case in Western Hemisphere documented in 1999 (New York City) with rapid expansion across the Americas, In 5 years (by 2004) WNV reached Central America