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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: 15.G, depends on us assuming what people ignores when distinguishing patenting and owning: namely, that patent rights typically enable their holder to benefit financially from a patent. Therefore: Modus Ponus the justification for a system of patent rights rests largely on speculation about human motivations, needs and interests., If in this case, an exclusive patent based intellectual property regime does not support the public good then the policy of granting exclusive patents is broken and exclusive patents should not be provided for human genes. therefore (modus ponens) The policy of granting exclusive patents for genes is broken., such rewards as patents generate, and such success as they are likely to have in motivating people, Therefore: Modus Ponus If such rewards as patents generate, and such success as they are likely to have in motivating people, then it depends on us assuming what people ignores when distinguishing patenting and owning: namely, that patent rights typically enable their holder to benefit financially from a patent., this is hardly surprising for human genes that are patentable to have scientific and commercial properties that distinguish them from naturally occurring genes Supports Though the genes in your body are not patentable, the degree of manipulation and alteration that is required to isolate and identify a human gene scientifically means that genes so altered and manipulated can merit a legal patent, or so the U.S. Patent Office has held, when granting patents on human genes., An exclusive patent based intellectual property regime does not support the public good. therefore (modus ponens) The policy of granting exclusive patents for genes is broken., A company might decide not to develop a diagnostic test because of the number of royalty payments required. Therefore: Modus Ponens An exclusive patent based intellectual property regime does not support the public good., Private biotechs own certain patents. Therefore: Modus Ponens If private biotechs own certain patents, then certain pirvate biotechs will have a monopoly in certain gene test markets., Patent rights to several aspects of the gene research is required. therefore (modus ponens) A company might decide not to develop a diagnostic test because of the number of royalty payments required., providing a relatively automatic procedure through which people can determine whether they are entitled to those rights, it also has considerable disadvantages. Therefore: Modus Ponus providing a relatively automatic procedure through which people can determine whether they are entitled to those rights, it also has considerable disadvantages then there is the thought that patents are a solution to the problem of rewarding people who successfully contribute to the public good, given that all of us have incentives to try to enjoy these benefits without acknowledging and rewarding those who made them., the justification for a system of patent rights rests largely on speculation about human motivations, needs and interests. therefore: Modus Ponus On the one hand, there is the thought that patents are a solution to the problem of motivating people to invest their time, energy, and money in the creation and development of socially useful knowledge and products., depends on us assuming what people ignores when distinguishing patenting and owning: namely, that patent rights typically enable their holder to benefit financially from a patent. Therefore: Modus Ponus Ifdepends on us assuming what people ignores when distinguishing patenting and owning: namely, that patent rights typically enable their holder to benefit financially from a patent then the justification for a system of patent rights rests largely on speculation about human motivations, needs and interests., from a democratic perspective, patenting is attractive because it involves specifying public criteria for rights, Therefore: Modus Ponus providing a relatively automatic procedure through which people can determine whether they are entitled to those rights, it also has considerable disadvantages., If patent holders are being allowed to patent a part of nature and a basic constituent of life, then an exclusive patent based intellectual property regime does not support the public good. Therefore: Modus Ponens An exclusive patent based intellectual property regime does not support the public good., Biotech companies must pay high royalty costs to all patent owners of a genetic sequence. Therefore: Modus Ponens If biotech companies must pay high royalty costs to all patent owners of a genetic sequence, then such costs will not make this technology available to the general public., Patents tailor the size and costs of rewards to inventors based on the preferences, beliefs, and interests of people in the invention, and so on. Supports in any system that gives private individuals the power to alter their legal relationship to each other, as will bodies of private law, many changes in people’s rights, powers and expectations, for good and bad, are likely to occur without public knowledge, representation, and control., Such costs will not make this technology available to the general public. Therefore: Modus Ponens If such costs will not make this technology available to the general public, then an exclusive patent based intellectual property regime does not support the public good., An exclusive patent based intellectual property regime prohibits biomedical product development and marketability. Therefore: Modus Ponens If an exclusive patent based intellectual property regime prohibits biomedical product development and marketability, then an exclusive patent based intellectual property regime does not support the public good., A company might decide not to develop a diagnostic test because of the number of royalty payments required. Therefore: Modus Ponens If a company might decide not to develop a diagnostic test because of the number of royalty payments required, then an exclusive patent based intellectual property regime does not support the public good., Private biotechs own certain patents. Therefore: Modus Ponens Certain private biotechs will have a monopoly in certain gene test markets., the justification for a system of patent rights rests largely on speculation about human motivations, needs and interests. therefore: Modus Ponus If the justification for a system of patent rights rests largely on speculation about human motivations, needs and interests then there is the thought that patents are a solution to the problem of motivating people to invest their time, energy, and money in the creation and development of socially useful knowledge and products.