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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: weeds, Themeda litter smothers Themeda tussocks FIRE Autumn burn, Nutrient inputs increases Available N, Spring burn before weed species have seed set too late in season for further establishment alternative Short intensity grazing or slashing may also reduce seed set, Exotics replaced by Themeda (and some others) Themeda reduces soil nitrate levels Available N decreased, Spring burn: may require that green exotic annuals be treated first (steam, hot water or knock down herbicide) ???? Spring burn before weed species have seed set too late in season for further establishment, Available N increases Annual weed species, Exotics replaced by Themeda (and some others) Themeda reduces soil nitrate levels Re-establishment of other native spp, Autumn burn ???? Reduced abundance or weeds after annual autumn burn, Annual weed species causes seed bank dominated by annual exotics (natives spp short-lived seeds), Spring burn before weed species have seed set too late in season for further establishment reduces Abundance of exotic annual grasses, soil disturbance increases Available N, Annual weed species increases Available N, Carbon addition ???? Available N decreased, Themeda litter smothers Themeda tussocks FIRE Biomass removal gap creation, Spring burn before weed species have seed set too late in season for further establishment no impact on perennial exotics or dicot. exotic annuals, Abundance of exotic annual grasses addition of themeda seeds Exotics replaced by Themeda (and some others), Autumn burn ???? Marked flush of weed species after single autumn, Themeda litter smothers Themeda tussocks FIRE Spring burn before weed species have seed set too late in season for further establishment