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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: 1 Doris keels & bottoms, bar keel does not provide sufficient strength for large vessels, built on single bottom construction supported by solid floors with or without the centre keelson., it protects ship's bottom from grounding but increase draft, constructed from from a piece of steel plate to ensure the escape of air and water from each frame spaces to air pipes and suctions, holes are cut in the plate floors and to provide access to all parts, consists of centreline girder, side girders, solid plate floors and bracket floors ???? plate floors are fitted at every frame space under the main engines and alternate frames outboard of the engine seating, bottoms first single, when ship's length exceeds 120m it is desirable to adopt longitudinal framing as there is a tendency for the inner bottom and bottom shell to buckle if welded transverse framing, there is no direct connection between the keel and floors hence replaced by flat plate keel, Keels 1st flat plate keel, framing system ???? transverse plate floors(solid floors) and open floors(bracket floors) form the principal support for inner bottom and shell plate, extents from side to side of a ship to have to better degree of safety if margin plate will be fitted perpendicualr to keep the outboard sides intact, double sub-division longitudinal, thickest bottom plate must be at least 1.5mm thicker than the adjacent bottom shell plate, 2 side girders are fitted and if bottom shell panel has a width to length ratio greater than 4 intercoster stiffeners are fitted, Keels 3rd duct keel, framing system ???? continuous centre girder, the side girders, transverse plate floors and bracket floors provide the principal support for the bottom, fitted in large ocean-going cargo vessels is a statutory requirement for passenger ships, flat plate keel ???? can be fitted on ships with either single or double bottom, bar keel though it protects ship's bottom from grounding, duct keel disadvantage is danger of formation of explosive gas mixtures or oxygen depleted atmosphere inside the duct keel over time