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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: WHY's mindmap, lower epidermis has a thinner, waxy cuticle, upper epidermis is transparent to allow light to penetrate onto the mesophyll layer, upper epidermis has a thick, waxy cuticle, upper epidermis is above the palisade layer, waxy cuticle prevents excess transpiration and protects the leaf, lower epidermis has abundant stomata to regulate the excahnge of gases and water loss from the leaves, lower epidermis ???? protects the inner region of the leaf, palisade layer is above the spongy layer, palisade layer has a high concentration of chlorophyll and a thin cell wall, spongy layer has loosely packed, irregular shaped cells, chloroplasts can be found in the palisade layer, palisade layer is the main site of photosynthesis, spongy layer ???? also carries out photosynthesis, chloroplasts can be found in the spongy layer, upper epidermis is one cell thick, spongy layer is above the lower epidermis, spongy layer ???? has intercellular space, allowing carbon dioxide to diffuse in and oxygen to diffuse out, lower epidermis is one cell thick, palisade layer has closely packed, long cylindrical cells